Which e-commerce platform's introduction of the Kindle in 2007 disrupted traditional publishing by allowing self-published authors to directly reach readers, eventually leading to the 'indie author' movement?

The publishing industry has undergone massive transformations with the rise of e-commerce platforms. These platforms have not only changed how books are sold but have fundamentally altered relationships between authors, publishers, and readers. This trivia question explores a pivotal moment in the history of literary e-commerce that reshaped the entire publishing landscape.

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Amazon
Barnes & Noble (with the Nook platform)
Apple (with iBooks)
Kobo (with Writing Life)