Which retail loyalty program innovation first used advanced mathematical models to create personalized offers based on purchase patterns?

In the intersection of mathematics and retail technology, companies are leveraging advanced algorithms to optimize customer experiences. Statistical models, predictive analytics, and mathematical optimization have revolutionized how retailers approach customer loyalty programs and personalization. This trivia question tests your knowledge about a pioneering mathematics-based retail technology that changed how customer loyalty is quantified.

This is a live public trivia poll on AIPolls.Net. Vote and see real-time results.

Tesco's Clubcard program with dunnhumby analytics (1995)
Amazon's recommendation engine (1998)
Target's pregnancy prediction model (2002)
Starbucks Rewards personalized offers system (2008)