Which ancient civilization first used clay seals as product branding tools to guarantee authenticity and origin of traded goods?

Ancient civilizations pioneered many retail concepts we still use today. From the bustling markets of Mesopotamia to the commercial centers of ancient Rome, these societies developed sophisticated systems for product distribution, branding, and consumer trust. This poll explores how ancient civilizations approached product differentiation and branding thousands of years before modern marketing emerged.

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Mesopotamian (Sumerian) merchants in 3000 BCE
Ancient Egyptian traders during the New Kingdom period
Chinese Han Dynasty commercial guilds
Phoenician Mediterranean trade networks