Which mathematical technique, adopted by retail giant Amazon in 2003, revolutionized product recommendations by creating a 'collaborative filtering' system based on matrix factorization?

The intersection of mathematics and retail has transformed how businesses analyze customer behavior and optimize operations. Advanced algorithms now power everything from inventory management to personalized recommendations. This trivia question explores a significant mathematical innovation that revolutionized how major retailers understand their customers and make data-driven decisions.

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Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC)
K-means Clustering
Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM)