Which architect is widely credited with designing the first modern indoor shopping mall in the United States, introducing the concept of an enclosed, climate-controlled retail environment?

The shopping mall has fundamentally transformed retail architecture and urban planning since its inception. Beyond just shopping centers, malls represent a significant architectural innovation that merged commercial spaces with social gathering areas. This poll tests your knowledge about the architectural origins of this retail phenomenon that has shaped cityscapes worldwide and influenced how architects approach commercial design projects.

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Victor Gruen, who designed Southdale Center in Minnesota (1956)
Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed Market Square in Illinois (1938)
I.M. Pei, who designed Roosevelt Field Mall in New York (1962)
John Graham Jr., who designed Northgate Mall in Seattle (1950)