What pricing strategy do pharmaceutical companies primarily use to justify the exceptionally high costs of orphan drugs for rare diseases?

Pharmaceutical pricing strategies can be complex and often controversial, especially when it comes to rare disease treatments. 'Orphan drugs' target conditions affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the US, yet their pricing models have significant implications for healthcare systems, insurers, and patients. This poll tests your knowledge about the strategic pricing considerations that pharmaceutical companies employ for these specialized medications and how they justify their approach to stakeholders.

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Value-based pricing that calculates cost based on quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved
Research and development recoupment model that factors in small patient populations and high development costs
Competitive matching pricing that aligns with other specialty medications in similar therapeutic areas
Accessibility-focused pricing that scales costs inversely to the rarity of the condition