Which mathematical algorithm fundamentally transformed product recommendation systems in e-commerce platforms like Amazon in the early 2000s?

E-commerce platforms rely heavily on mathematical principles to optimize their operations and drive growth. From predictive analytics to conversion rate optimization, mathematics forms the backbone of modern online retail strategy. This trivia question explores a specific mathematical technique that revolutionized product recommendations in the e-commerce industry. Test your knowledge of how mathematical concepts translate into real-world e-commerce applications!

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Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC)
K-means Clustering
Fourier Transform Analysis