Which linguistic innovation marked the most significant advancement in retail chatbot natural language capabilities between 2018-2020?

Modern retail chatbots have transformed customer service by incorporating advanced linguistic technologies. Beyond simple keyword responses, today's retail AI assistants employ sophisticated natural language processing techniques that analyze semantic meaning, recognize dialects, and even adapt to cultural nuances. This poll tests your knowledge about how linguistic science has shaped the development of these increasingly humanlike retail assistants.

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BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) contextual language modeling
Basic sentiment analysis using adjective classification
Simple rule-based grammar correction algorithms
Dictionary-based synonym substitution for query interpretation