Which mathematical technique forms the foundation of modern predictive inventory management systems used by major retailers like Amazon and Walmart?

Modern retail inventory management systems rely heavily on mathematical models and algorithms to optimize stock levels, predict demand, and minimize costs. Behind these powerful systems are complex mathematical concepts that transform raw data into actionable insights. Test your knowledge about how mathematics drives modern retail inventory management solutions!

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Bayesian inference and time series forecasting
Euclidean geometry and trigonometric functions
Differential calculus and eigenvalue decomposition
Fermat's Last Theorem and quadratic programming