Which mathematical concept fundamentally transformed modern point-of-sale systems by enabling efficient barcode scanning and inventory tracking?

In the intersection of mathematics and retail technology, point-of-sale systems have evolved dramatically over the decades. These systems now incorporate sophisticated mathematical algorithms for inventory management, sales forecasting, and customer behavior analysis. This poll tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking mathematical concept that revolutionized modern POS systems and made complex retail operations more efficient.

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Linear algebra matrix operations for multi-dimensional data processing
Graph theory algorithms for optimizing checkout queue management
Finite field mathematics and Galois theory for error detection/correction codes
Bayesian probability networks for predicting consumer purchasing patterns