Which mathematical forecasting model, first implemented by Walmart in the early 2000s, dramatically improved inventory management by reducing the 'bullwhip effect' in retail supply chains?

The retail industry has been transformed by mathematical models and big data analytics. Advanced algorithms now power inventory management systems, predictive customer behavior models, and supply chain optimization. This trivia question explores a significant mathematical innovation that revolutionized how major retailers manage their inventory systems. Test your knowledge about the intersection of mathematics and modern retail operations!

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Bayesian Network Analysis
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)
Monte Carlo Simulation Models
Markov Chain Optimization