Which mathematical technique dramatically improved retail churn prediction accuracy when first widely implemented in the early 2010s, leading to an average 15% reduction in customer attrition for early adopters?

In the world of retail, advanced mathematics plays a crucial role in predicting customer behavior and optimizing business strategies. Sophisticated mathematical models help retailers analyze purchasing patterns, forecast demand, and personalize recommendations. This trivia question focuses on a groundbreaking mathematical approach that revolutionized how retailers understand their customers and reduce churn.

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Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation models
Gradient Boosted Decision Trees with recency-frequency-monetary (RFM) variables
K-means clustering with hierarchical segmentation
Linear discriminant analysis with principal component reduction