Which mathematical concept revolutionized retail analytics by enabling businesses to identify hidden patterns in consumer behavior data?

The intersection of mathematics and retail analytics has transformed how companies understand consumer behavior. One particular mathematical innovation revolutionized retail data analytics by enabling businesses to extract meaningful patterns from vast amounts of consumer data. This technique helped retailers optimize inventory, personalize recommendations, and predict consumer trends with unprecedented accuracy. Can you identify which mathematical breakthrough had the most significant impact on modern retail analytics?

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Collaborative Filtering Algorithms
Euclidean Geometry
Fourier Transforms
Pythagorean Theorem