Which innovative marketing strategy did Texas Instruments use to establish the TI-84 calculator as the dominant graphing calculator in mathematics education?

The world of mathematics education has its own unique marketing challenges and successes. Major educational technology companies and textbook publishers employ sophisticated strategies to position their products in this specialized market. This poll tests your knowledge of how mathematical products are branded and marketed to educators, students, and institutions. Can you identify the correct marketing strategy among these mathematical product offerings?

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Creating proprietary educational software that only works with TI calculators, incentivizing schools to standardize on their platform
Offering significant discounts directly to students while charging premium prices to educational institutions
Implementing a subscription-based model where students lease calculators annually with automatic upgrades
Establishing an open-source ecosystem where third-party developers could create and sell calculator applications