Which ancient civilization first used 'merchant seals' as a form of retail branding, with unique symbols pressed into clay tablets to guarantee product authenticity and merchant identity?

Before modern logos and brand identities, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated systems to mark and authenticate their goods in bustling marketplaces. From Mesopotamian cylinder seals to Egyptian cartouches, these early branding techniques helped establish merchant reputations and protect against counterfeit products. Test your knowledge about these fascinating early examples of retail branding that shaped commerce thousands of years before our modern marketing concepts emerged.

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Mesopotamian (Sumerian) civilization, circa 3500 BCE
Ancient Egyptian civilization, circa 3000 BCE
Indus Valley civilization, circa 2600 BCE
Ancient Greek civilization, circa 800 BCE