Which presidential campaign pioneered the 'A/B testing' approach for merchandise, using data analytics to optimize product offerings based on supporter response rates?

Political campaigns aren't just about policies and debates—they're sophisticated product marketing operations. Campaign merchandise has evolved into a critical fundraising tool and brand-building strategy. From the iconic MAGA hats to Obama's 'Hope' posters, campaign products create walking billboards and foster supporter identity. This trivia question explores an innovative merchandising strategy that changed how political campaigns approach product marketing in the digital age.

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Barack Obama's 2012 re-election campaign
Donald Trump's 2016 campaign
Bernie Sanders' 2016 primary campaign
Hillary Clinton's 2016 campaign