Which ancient civilization pioneered an early form of 'brand positioning' by requiring merchants to stamp or seal their products with distinctive maker's marks to guarantee quality and origin?

Before digital transformation revolutionized retail, ancient civilizations had their own sophisticated commercial systems. From the bustling markets of Mesopotamia to Roman trading networks, early societies developed remarkable methods for commerce, customer engagement, and brand recognition. Test your knowledge about these ancient retail innovations that laid the groundwork for modern commerce practices!

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Ancient Rome, where the 'Ex Officina' stamp on pottery and bricks identified the workshop and ensured tax collection
Mesopotamia, where cylinder seals were used by merchants to mark clay tablets as receipts and guarantee authenticity
Ancient China, where government-authorized merchants used official chops (stamps) to verify genuine silk and porcelain
Ancient Greece, where potters and sculptors signed their works with distinctive signatures to build reputation and command premium prices