Which 18th-century innovation is widely considered the first successful large-scale implementation of the subscription business model in retail history?

The subscription business model has transformed modern retail, but its roots stretch back centuries before digital technology. This poll tests your knowledge about the historical evolution of subscription commerce and how early entrepreneurs pioneered recurring revenue strategies that would later become standard practice in today's retail landscape. Can you identify when this retail innovation first gained significant traction?

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Benjamin Franklin's lending library (1731), where members paid annual fees for book access
The 'book-of-the-month' clubs started by London booksellers in the 1740s
Encyclopædia Britannica's subscription-based publishing model launched in 1768
The Colonial American newspaper subscription model pioneered by The Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729