Which mathematical concept is most commonly used in digital marketing for 'collaborative filtering' in recommendation engines on mathematics education websites?

In the intersection of mathematics and digital marketing lies a fascinating world where algorithms and consumer behavior meet. Modern mathematical models have revolutionized how companies understand and predict customer preferences, optimize advertising spend, and measure campaign effectiveness. This trivia question explores how mathematical concepts have transformed digital marketing analytics in recent years.

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Markov chains
Matrix factorization
Bayesian networks
Monte Carlo simulations