Which ancient civilization first used branded seals on merchandise as a form of quality control and merchant identification?

While we often think of branding as a modern marketing concept, ancient civilizations had sophisticated methods of product identification and quality assurance. From distinctive pottery marks in Ancient Greece to official seals in Mesopotamia, these early forms of branding helped establish trust and recognition in ancient marketplaces. Test your knowledge about how ancient merchants differentiated their goods and established what we might recognize today as the earliest forms of brand identity.

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Indus Valley (3300-1300 BCE), with standardized weights and merchant seals marking traded goods
Ancient Egypt (2500 BCE), with hieroglyphic cartouches on luxury items denoting royal production
Mesopotamia (1800 BCE), with cylinder seals indicating guild membership and workshop origin
Ancient Rome (100 CE), with stamped pottery marks indicating production location and artisan