Which pricing strategy is commonly used for new scientific diagnostic equipment to balance high R&D costs with market adoption?

Scientific innovation is expensive, but pricing scientific products presents unique challenges. Research equipment, pharmaceuticals, and diagnostic tools all require massive R&D investment before reaching the market. This trivia question explores a fascinating pricing strategy used specifically in the scientific industry that balances innovation costs with market accessibility. Test your knowledge of how science-focused companies strategically price their breakthrough products!

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Penetration pricing (initially low prices to gain market share, then gradually increasing)
Value-based tiering (different pricing tiers based on features/capabilities with a core platform at lower cost)
Cost-plus pricing (fixed percentage markup regardless of market conditions)
Premium skimming (extremely high initial price that remains constant over product lifecycle)