Which mathematical technique revolutionized retail by enabling the 'recommendation engines' now used by major online retailers to suggest products based on previous purchases?

In the intersection of mathematics and retail, advanced analytical models have transformed how businesses understand customer behavior and optimize operations. From predictive algorithms determining inventory levels to mathematical models analyzing consumer patterns, the retail landscape has been revolutionized by quantitative approaches. This poll tests your knowledge about a significant mathematical innovation that changed retail analytics forever.

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Collaborative filtering using matrix factorization
Bayesian networks for causal inference
Markov decision processes for inventory optimization
Monte Carlo simulations for price elasticity