Which retail technology innovation was mandated by the federal government for all SNAP retailers by 2004, fundamentally changing how benefits were distributed?

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as food stamps) represents one of the most significant intersections of government policy and retail operations in the United States. As technology has evolved, so too has the way SNAP benefits are distributed and used at retailers. This trivia question explores a pivotal moment in the modernization of this crucial government-retail partnership.

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Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) card systems
Self-checkout kiosks with SNAP verification
Mobile payment acceptance for government benefits
Biometric authentication terminals