In ancient Roman marketplaces, which consumer behavior technique did merchants commonly use to build customer loyalty?

The modern understanding of consumer behavior has ancient roots. Marketplaces from Mesopotamia to Rome showed sophisticated understanding of customer psychology and brand loyalty. Archaeological evidence reveals merchants used various techniques to distinguish their products and build returning clientele. This poll explores how ancient civilizations understood and influenced consumer behavior long before modern marketing theories emerged.

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Tessera fidelitatis (loyalty tokens) that customers could collect and exchange for discounts on future purchases
Digital tracking of purchases via clay tablet records
Seasonal clearance sales announced via town criers
Money-back guarantees certified by the Senate