Which mathematical technique revolutionized retail inventory management by reducing the 'bullwhip effect' and is now standard in major retail analytics platforms?

In today's data-driven retail landscape, mathematics plays a crucial role in optimizing operations and maximizing profits. Major retailers employ sophisticated mathematical models to gain competitive advantages in everything from inventory management to customer behavior prediction. This trivia question explores how mathematical principles are revolutionizing retail analytics and shaping business decisions in unexpected ways.

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Monte Carlo simulation
Collaborative filtering algorithms
Time series forecasting with ARIMA models
Bayesian belief networks