Which scientific advancement first enabled retailers to implement dynamic, real-time personalization algorithms based on in-store customer behavior?

In the intersection of science and retail, technological innovations have transformed how consumers shop and how businesses operate. From advanced analytics to cutting-edge materials science, the retail landscape has been revolutionized by scientific breakthroughs. This trivia question focuses on a significant scientific development that changed retail personalization algorithms forever.

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Computer vision systems with deep learning neural networks
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags
Near-field communication (NFC) payment systems
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons