Which mathematical algorithm, developed in the late 1990s, transformed e-commerce by enabling the personalized product recommendation systems first popularized by Amazon.com?

E-commerce platforms use sophisticated mathematical algorithms to optimize various aspects of their operations. From product recommendations to pricing strategies, mathematics plays a crucial role in creating personalized shopping experiences. This trivia question explores one of the breakthrough mathematical techniques that revolutionized online retail.

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Collaborative filtering matrix factorization
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm
Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) simulation