Which mathematical concept has most significantly improved retail customer experience by enabling stores to predict and recommend products based on past purchase behavior?

In today's data-driven retail landscape, mathematical models and algorithms have transformed how stores make decisions about customer experience and operations. From predictive analytics for inventory to personalized recommendation engines, mathematics is the silent force behind modern retail success. This trivia question explores how a major mathematical innovation has specifically shaped retail customer experience strategies in recent years.

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Collaborative filtering algorithms
Euclidean geometry
Differential calculus
Boolean algebra