Which ancient civilization pioneered the first systematic use of 'merchant seals' as product branding tools to guarantee authenticity and prevent counterfeiting?

Before modern logos and slogans, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated methods of product branding and marketing. From distinctive pottery marks to royal seals, these early branding techniques helped establish product authenticity, origin, and quality. This poll explores how ancient merchants and artisans solved the timeless challenge of distinguishing their goods in bustling marketplaces across Egypt, Rome, China, and Mesopotamia.

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Ancient Egypt (using cartouche symbols on luxury goods)
Mesopotamia (using cylinder seals on clay containers)
Ancient Rome (using maker's marks on pottery and amphorae)
Han Dynasty China (using imperial chops on silk products)