In retail design, what is the 'Gruen Transfer' effect named after architect Victor Gruen?

Retail environments are carefully crafted to influence consumer behavior in subtle yet powerful ways. From the layout of stores to the strategic placement of products, retailers employ various psychological tactics to maximize sales and enhance customer experience. This trivia question tests your knowledge about a specific psychological principle used in retail design that has been proven to impact purchasing decisions.

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The moment when a customer transitions from purposeful shopping to impulse buying due to store layout and design elements
The strategic placement of essential items at the back of stores to increase exposure to other products
The use of mirrors and reflective surfaces to make retail spaces appear larger and more inviting
The practice of using circular pathways in mall design to prevent customers from seeing exits