Which mathematical predictive modeling technique was first widely adopted by major retailers in the early 2000s to personalize customer promotions based on purchase history?

In the world of retail analytics, mathematics has transformed how stores understand customer behavior and optimize operations. One particular mathematical innovation revolutionized how retailers could predict inventory needs and personalize marketing. This poll tests your knowledge of the historical development of mathematical models in retail analytics that changed the industry forever.

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Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations
Collaborative filtering with matrix factorization
Random forest decision trees
Support vector machines (SVMs)