Which of these retail tracking technologies was originally developed for military use during World War II and later revolutionized inventory management?

Many of today's commonplace retail technologies have surprising origins in military research and development. The crossover between military innovation and consumer products has transformed how we shop and interact with brands. This trivia question focuses on a revolutionary retail technology with military roots that changed how products are tracked and sold worldwide.

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Barcode scanning (UPC)
RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification)
Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) tags
QR code technology