Which retail innovation, invented in 1952, revolutionized product tracking and is considered the predecessor to modern QR codes and digital product identification?

The world of retail has seen numerous innovations that have fundamentally changed how we shop. From the earliest department stores to modern e-commerce platforms, retail innovations have shaped consumer behavior and business models. This trivia question focuses on a groundbreaking retail innovation that transformed the industry and set the foundation for modern inventory management and consumer convenience.

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The Universal Product Code (UPC barcode)
The electronic cash register (ECR)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags
The pneumatic tube cash carrier system