Which data analytics technique, originally developed for retail consumer targeting, was first successfully implemented on a large scale in a U.S. presidential campaign to microtarget voters?

In today's political landscape, data analytics has revolutionized how campaigns target voters and allocate resources. Modern political campaigns leverage sophisticated data techniques that would be familiar to retail marketers, but with unique applications for voter outreach, fundraising, and election day strategies. Test your knowledge about how political campaigns use data analytics to gain competitive advantages in the increasingly digital world of politics and government.

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Predictive modeling based on consumer purchasing patterns, first used effectively by Barack Obama's 2008 campaign
A/B testing of policy messaging, pioneered by George W. Bush's 2004 campaign
Social media sentiment analysis algorithms, first deployed by Donald Trump's 2016 campaign
Geofencing targeting techniques, initially used in Bill Clinton's 1996 reelection campaign