Which mathematical approach revolutionized e-commerce product recommendation systems in the early 2000s, leading to Amazon's reported 35% increase in sales?

The intersection of mathematics and e-commerce has led to groundbreaking innovations in how products are recommended to consumers. Sophisticated algorithms now power most major online retailers, creating personalized shopping experiences that dramatically increase conversion rates. But do you know which mathematical concept revolutionized product recommendation systems and transformed the e-commerce landscape? Test your knowledge of the mathematical foundations behind modern retail technology!

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Matrix Factorization and Collaborative Filtering
Bayesian Probability Networks
Neural Network Deep Learning
Markov Decision Processes