Which mathematical concept is most commonly used in retail big data analytics to identify groups of similar customers for targeted marketing strategies?

In the world of retail, big data analytics has revolutionized how businesses understand consumer behavior and make strategic decisions. Mathematical models are at the heart of this transformation, helping retailers extract meaningful insights from massive datasets. This trivia question tests your knowledge about a key mathematical concept used in retail big data analysis that has significantly impacted how stores understand shopping patterns and optimize their operations.

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Cluster analysis (k-means, hierarchical clustering)
Differential calculus (rate of change functions)
Boolean algebra (logical operators)
Fourier transforms (frequency domain analysis)