Which subscription model innovation revolutionized access to scientific journals in the early 2000s?

Scientific journals and research databases have transformed dramatically in the digital age. The subscription models that grant access to cutting-edge research have evolved significantly, changing how scientists, researchers, and institutions access vital information. This trivia question explores a fascinating aspect of how subscription models have shaped modern scientific research accessibility.

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The Article Processing Charge (APC) model, where authors pay to make their research open access
The consortium-based subscription model, where libraries share access across institutions
The freemium model, where basic research is free but advanced features require payment
The micropayment system, where researchers pay small fees for individual articles