Which mathematical technique is most commonly used in retail analytics to identify hidden patterns in customer purchasing behavior without explicit categorization?

In today's data-driven retail landscape, advanced mathematical models power the analytics that help businesses make informed decisions. From inventory optimization to customer behavior prediction, mathematics plays a crucial role in transforming raw retail data into actionable insights. This trivia question tests your knowledge about a key mathematical concept used in modern retail analytics systems.

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Unsupervised learning algorithms (specifically clustering methods like K-means)
Differential calculus optimization
Bayesian probability networks with supervised classification
Parametric statistical hypothesis testing