Which ancient civilization pioneered the concept of 'brand positioning' by stamping distinctive maker's marks on their pottery and trade goods to signify quality and origin?

Long before modern shopping malls and e-commerce, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated retail strategies and innovations that would influence commerce for millennia. From the bustling agoras of Ancient Greece to the complex trade networks of the Phoenicians, retail has deep historical roots. This trivia question explores how ancient civilizations approached brand positioning and retail innovation in ways that might surprise you. Test your knowledge about these original retail pioneers!

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Ancient Greeks, who used potter's marks called 'epinetron' to distinguish premium Athenian goods from competitors
Phoenicians, who created the first recognizable merchant seals and quality marks to differentiate their purple-dyed textiles and glassware in Mediterranean markets
Egyptians, who used hieroglyphic 'cartouches' on products to indicate royal approval and premium quality
Romans, who developed 'sigillum' stamps for their mass-produced pottery and goods from different provincial workshops