Which mathematical concept was central to Amazon's development of their 'anticipatory shipping' patent that predicts customer purchases before they're made?

In today's competitive retail landscape, mathematics has become a critical foundation for success. Advanced algorithms and statistical models now drive everything from inventory optimization to customer segmentation. This poll tests your knowledge about a groundbreaking mathematical approach that revolutionized retail pricing strategy and product placement, leading to significant improvements in sales performance for a major retail chain.

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Bayesian Probability Networks
Markov Decision Processes
Monte Carlo Simulations
Neural Tensor Networks