Which innovative pricing model was first widely popularized by Fortnite in the gaming industry that has since become a multi-billion dollar standard?

The gaming industry has pioneered various pricing models that have revolutionized how digital products are monetized. From traditional one-time purchases to subscription services and free-to-play models with microtransactions, gaming companies have continuously experimented with ways to balance revenue generation with player satisfaction. This trivia question explores a significant pricing innovation that changed the gaming landscape and influenced other digital industries.

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Battle Pass (seasonal subscription with tiered rewards)
Loot boxes (randomized virtual item purchases)
Cloud gaming subscription (pay monthly for access to game streaming)
Play-to-earn (blockchain-based rewards that have real-world value)