Which military logistics innovation from WWII directly led to the development of what became the Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode system used in retail?

Throughout history, many military technologies and operational strategies have found their way into civilian retail applications. From RFID inventory tracking (originally developed for aircraft identification) to logistics systems based on military supply chains, the crossover is significant. This poll tests your knowledge about a famous military-to-retail innovation that revolutionized how products are identified and tracked worldwide.

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The Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) radar system
The Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP)
The Manhattan Project's materials tracking system
The Defense Supply Center's automated cataloging system for supplies and equipment