What supply chain strategy did most pharmaceutical companies adopt following the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent future medical product shortages?

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical vulnerabilities in medical supply chains worldwide. Many healthcare facilities experienced shortages of essential equipment and medications during the crisis, prompting significant changes in how the medical industry approaches inventory management and supply chain resilience. This trivia question examines a key shift that occurred in pharmaceutical and medical device supply chain strategies post-pandemic.

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Just-in-time inventory management to reduce costs
Near-shoring and dual-sourcing of critical components
Increased reliance on single-source suppliers with guaranteed contracts
Elimination of intermediary distributors in favor of direct-to-provider models