Which mathematical technique is NOT commonly used in retail churn prediction models?

Predicting customer churn is a critical application of mathematics in retail analytics. Behind the scenes, sophisticated algorithms analyze customer behavior patterns to identify who might leave. This poll tests your knowledge of the mathematical foundations that power modern churn prediction models used by major retailers to retain their valuable customers.

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Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations
Logistic regression with regularization
Euclidean Quantum Field Theory
Random Forest with Gini impurity measures