Which 19th-century retail innovation first introduced the revolutionary 'fixed price' policy, eliminating the traditional haggling system and fundamentally transforming retail pricing strategies?

The retail landscape we know today was shaped by revolutionary business practices developed in the 19th century. The modern department store represented a fundamental shift in retail strategy, transforming shopping from a necessity into a cultural experience. This poll explores a pivotal innovation in retail history that continues to influence modern e-commerce and retail strategy.

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• Le Bon Marché in Paris (1852)
• Marshall Field's in Chicago (1867)
• Harrods in London (1834)
• Macy's in New York (1858)

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