Which store layout feature is known as the 'Gruen transfer,' named after architect Victor Gruen, and is deliberately designed to disorient shoppers?

Store layouts are carefully engineered to influence consumer behavior and maximize sales. From the placement of essential items to the width of aisles and the direction of traffic flow, every element is strategically designed. This trivia question tests your knowledge about a specific psychological tactic used in retail store layouts that has been proven to impact purchasing decisions.

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The lack of windows and natural time indicators to create a 'timeless' environment
The strategic placement of mirrors to slow down customer movement through the store
The use of non-linear pathways and strategic product placement to encourage impulse purchases
The positioning of essential items at the back of the store to increase exposure to other products