Which ancient civilization first used formal merchant seals as an early form of product branding to guarantee authenticity and origin of goods in international trade?

Before modern marketing strategies, ancient civilizations developed sophisticated methods of product differentiation and consumer loyalty. From Phoenician merchant marks to Roman quality seals, the foundations of brand identity have ancient roots. This trivia explores how early civilizations established product recognition and consumer trust in their marketplaces through early forms of branding.

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Mesopotamians (circa 3000 BCE)
Ancient Egyptians (circa 2500 BCE)
Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2000 BCE)
Ancient Greeks (circa 800 BCE)