Which of the following mathematical retail innovations was first launched by Amazon in their physical stores in 2018?

In recent years, mathematics has transformed retail experiences through advanced algorithms, optimization methods, and data analytics. One groundbreaking retail innovation that leveraged mathematical principles made headlines when it launched. Test your knowledge about the intersection of mathematics and retail technology with this question!

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Amazon Go's 'Just Walk Out' technology using computer vision and deep learning algorithms
Dynamic pricing kiosks using real-time Bayesian optimization models
Customer flow optimization using Markov chain-based store layouts
Inventory prediction systems using quaternion neural networks