Which ancient civilization first used standardized 'brand seals' on merchandise to guarantee authenticity and quality to distant customers?

Before modern billboards and social media campaigns, ancient civilizations had their own sophisticated methods of product branding and marketing. From maker's marks on pottery to royal seals guaranteeing quality, these early marketing strategies laid the groundwork for today's brand identities. Test your knowledge about how ancient merchants and artisans promoted their goods and established trust with consumers across early Mediterranean and Mesopotamian marketplaces.

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The Romans with their 'Sigillum Romanum' quality marks on exported pottery and wine amphorae
The Indus Valley Civilization with their square steatite seals marking traded goods
The Egyptians with their cartouche-based markings on exported luxury items
The Phoenicians with their purple-dyed merchant symbols guaranteeing authentic trade goods