Which streaming service pioneered the strategy of releasing all episodes of original series at once ('binge model') as a deliberate brand loyalty tactic?

The landscape of film and television has dramatically changed with the rise of streaming platforms. Each major service has employed unique marketing and customer retention strategies to carve out their share of subscribers in an increasingly crowded market. This poll tests your knowledge of how streaming services have leveraged brand loyalty techniques to maintain their competitive edge.

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Netflix, with 'House of Cards' in 2013, creating a cultural shift in viewing habits
Hulu, with 'The Handmaid's Tale' in 2017, as part of their subscriber retention plan
Amazon Prime, with 'Transparent' in 2014, based on consumer behavior analytics
Disney+, with 'The Mandalorian' in 2019, as a launch differentiation strategy